Which term refers to the behaviors, beliefs, or conditions that violate societal norms?

The correct term that refers to behaviors, beliefs, or conditions that violate societal norms is deviance. In sociology, deviance encompasses a wide range of actions and traits that differ from the expectations of a given society. This can include a variety of activities, from minor rule-breaking to significant criminal behaviors, and it highlights how societies establish norms and the consequences for those who do not adhere to them.

Deviance plays a crucial role in social interaction and the enforcement of social norms. It helps societies define acceptable behavior and can lead to social change, as deviant acts challenge the status quo and prompt discussions about what is considered normative. The study of deviance addresses why individuals deviate, how societies respond to such behavior, and the implications of those responses on individuals and community cohesion.

In contrast to deviance, conformity refers to the act of aligning behaviors or beliefs with societal expectations. Socialization is the process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms and values of their society, contributing to conformity. Collective behavior pertains to the actions and behaviors of groups rather than individuals, often emerging in specific contexts, such as protests or social movements. Thus, deviance specifically highlights the variance from societal norms, making it the appropriate choice in this context.