What does the term "social stratification" refer to?

The term "social stratification" refers specifically to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals within a society based on various factors such as wealth, power, and status. This concept is fundamental in sociology as it helps to understand how different social classes are formed and maintained, and how they influence an individual's opportunities and life chances.

Social stratification illustrates the inequalities present in society, where certain groups possess more resources and privileges than others. These inequalities can be evident in various domains, including education, healthcare, and overall quality of life. Understanding stratification enables sociologists to analyze the dynamics of social mobility, class structures, and the impact of systemic factors on individuals' positions within society.

The other options do not encapsulate the full scope of social stratification. For example, focusing solely on ethnicity misses the broader economic and status-related dimensions. An equal distribution of resources contradicts the concept, as stratification inherently involves inequality. Additionally, the process of cultural exchange does not pertain specifically to social hierarchy but rather to the way cultures interact.