What does material culture consist of?

Material culture consists of the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture. This includes items such as tools, clothing, buildings, art, and technology that individuals create and share within a society. These tangible aspects are essential for understanding how people interact with their environment and each other, as they can reflect the values, beliefs, and practices of a particular group.

In contrast, the other answer options focus on non-physical elements or abstract concepts. Non-physical symbols and beliefs, intangible aspects, and theories about social behavior pertain to how individuals understand their world through ideas and relationships rather than through physical artifacts. These categories are more aligned with what sociologists might study in terms of immaterial or social culture, but they do not encapsulate the essence of material culture, which is fundamentally about the concrete objects that are central to daily life and cultural identity.