What does "integration" refer to in sociology?

In sociology, "integration" refers to the process of incorporating individuals from diverse social groups into a cohesive society. This concept emphasizes the importance of creating inclusive environments where various cultural, ethnic, and social backgrounds are welcomed and encouraged to participate equally in social, economic, and political life. Integration fosters mutual understanding, respect, and cooperation among different groups, contributing to social cohesion and reducing conflict. This process can take place through various means, such as education, communal activities, and policies that promote diversity and inclusion.

The focus of integration is not on exclusion, stratification, or enforced unity, which are represented in the other options. Exclusion processes would create divisions rather than foster community, while establishing strict hierarchies would reinforce social inequalities. Enforced unity through policies may lead to compliance but does not necessarily cultivate genuine integration or understanding among groups. Thus, the essence of integration lies in actively bringing together diverse populations to form a united society.