What best describes institutional discrimination?

Institutional discrimination refers to the systematic inequality and unfair treatment that is embedded within the policies, practices, and procedures of institutions, rather than solely stemming from individual actions or beliefs. This concept highlights how societal structures can perpetuate discrimination against certain groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, or socioeconomic status.

The correct choice emphasizes that institutional discrimination arises from established laws and customs that may privilege one group over another, regardless of individuals' intentions. For instance, if a particular law disproportionately affects a certain racial group, this reflects institutional discrimination, as the law itself is part of a broader system that enforces inequality.

In contrast, the other responses focus on areas that do not align with the definition of institutional discrimination. For example, discussing treatment based solely on personal beliefs or economic status centers on individual perspectives or circumstances rather than systemic issues. Addressing educational attainment might suggest a more personal outcome rather than looking at the societal structures that govern access to opportunities in education. Therefore, the emphasis on established laws and customs in the correct choice accurately captures the essence of institutional discrimination, showcasing how it operates at a structural level in society.